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Lion Energy|Safari LT 500W \ 450Wh Solar Portable Power Stations

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Safety Advantages

White Paper by Tyler Stapleton and Thomas Tolman – July 2021


Abstract

In an effort to ensure the safe use of lithium technology in energy storage, the U.S. government regulates the transport, storage, installation and proper use of lithium energy cells throughout the country. However, in doing this, the government currently regulates all Lithium-ion cells under one definition. In the energy storage industry, there is a broad range of cathode materials and chemistries that all fall under the title ”Lithium-ion.” Each of these various chemistries have significantly different attributes compared to one another in terms of their safety and recyclability. Notably, energy cells using Lithium Iron Phosphate are drastically safer and more recyclable than any other lithium chemistry on the market today. Regulating Lithium Iron Phosphate cells together with other lithium-based chemistries is counterproductive to the goal of the U.S. government in creating safe energy storage practices in the US. Companies using this safer and more environmentally-friendly chemistry are laden with regulations and expenses that make it more difficult to pro- mote Lithium Iron Phosphate in the U.S., while companies using other more dangerous chemistries have no incentive to switch to Lithium Iron Phosphate, thus creating potentially dangerous circumstances for U.S. citizens, increasing waste and enlarging the burden on the government for regulation. This white paper provides evidence for Lithium Iron Phosphate over other lithium-based energy storage chemistries as a significantly safer lithium cell, describes future advances expected in the industry and enumerates the substantial benefits to the U.S. in regulating Lithium Iron Phosphate separately from other chemistries.

1. Introduction

There are many Lithium-ion chemistries in use today as battery cathodes. While many chemistries offer significant benefits pertaining to the cost or weight of the battery, they often require government regulation to be shipped, stored or used in a way that ensures that damages from the worst-case scenarios, including thermal run-away, fire or explosion are kept to a minimum. Precautions including specially constructed and marked boxes, as well as shipping procedures requiring extra care being taken, ensure the safe transport of these products, while code requirements including fire-suppression systems, fireproof storage cabinets and emergency shutoff systems protect against a fire spreading to or from an energy storage system in use in a building. For many lithium materials, this is a necessary precaution. However, in the case of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) cells, many of these precautions could be lessened, as the LiFePO4 chemistry has more innate protections against these extreme cases. When compared against other lithium chemistries, these protections reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic failure, and result in a significantly reduced reaction should such a failure occur, making it much safer even in the worst-case scenario. Lithium energy storage is increasing in demand. As Electric Vehicles (EV) become ubiquitous throughout the country, the need for additional energy at each home and commercial buildings will increase substantially. A comparison of LiFePO4 against other cathode materials as well as a description of the reaction of LiFePO4 to extreme cases will be provided here.

2. Lithium Chemistry Comparison

This section gives a brief overview of common Lithium cathode chemistries common in the market today. A comparison of these chemistries and their relative advantages and disadvantages can be seen in table 1.

2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries

While not actually a Lithium-ion battery, the safety of a lead-acid battery should be taken into account here. Lead-Acid is the most common large battery on the market today, generally recognized as a common car battery. Lead-Acid batteries can power most vehicles and even be used as in energy storage systems. However, Lead-Acid has a relatively short lifespan and significantly less use- able specific energy when compared against lithium batteries. The use of Lead in Lead-Acid batteries makes the content of the battery toxic, and lead-acid batteries can vent during use, which limits their viability as an energy storage device.

2.2 Lithium Cobalt Oxide or Lithium Polymer (LiCo02)

Lithium Cobalt Oxide, sometimes called Lithium Polymer batteries, are traditionally the most common option for phone or computer batteries. Their high specific energy (energy-to-weight ratio) makes them a great candidate for small batteries or other applications where weight is a major factor [8]. However, LiCoO2 also has a short lifespan and includes Cobalt, a toxic heavy metal. One of the major components in the cathode of the battery, Cobalt is particularly difficult to recycle, and can produce toxic fumes during both mining and recycling. [7] LiCoO2 is also the chemistry that has been reported to explode in smartphones. It can explode and burn violently under the right conditions.

 

 

LFP LCO NMC NCA

CHEMISTRY

LFP

LCO

NMC

NCA

Full Name

Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium Cobalt Oxide Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide

Voltages

3.2V, 3.3V nominal 3.6V nominal 3.6V, 3.7V nominal 3.6V nominal

Specific Energy (Capacity/kg)

90-120 Wh/kg 150-200 Wh/kg 150-220 Wh/kg 200-260 Wh/kg

Charge Rate (C-rate)

1C .37-1C 0.7-1C 0.7C

Discharge Rate (C-rate)

1C, 25C possible 1C 1C, 2C possible 1C

Cycle Life

2,000+ 500-1,000 1,000-2,000 500

Thermal Run-away

270ºC (518ºF) 150ºC (302ºF) 210ºC (410ºF) 150ºC (302ºF)

Applications

Portable and stationary energy storage units, Lead-acid replacement Mobile phones, tablets, laptops E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial, laptops Medical devices, industrial, electrical, powertrain (Tesla)
Comments Low capacity. One of the safest chemistries. Very high specific energy, limited specific power. High capacity and high power. Favorite chemistry in lightweight applications Similar to LCO, serves as energy cell . Currently used by Tesla.
Elevated self-discharge means better storage. Cobalt is expensive. Serves as Energy Cell.No longer relevant

Table. 1: Comparison of common Lithium-Ion Cathode Chemistries [8]

2.3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCo02 or NMC)

NMC is a popular choice today, especially in the electric vehicle (EV) market. Like LiCoO2, it has a high energy density, but NMC can also output more power, is generally safer, and has a longer lifespan than LiCoO2 [8]. These aspects make NMC a popular all-around choice, and is often used in energy storage as well as EV and mobile devices. However, NMC is still capable of exploding and catching fire, though less dramatically than most other chemistries (see section below). NMC also contains both Nickel and Cobalt. Nickel, like Cobalt, is a heavy metal that is toxic, as well as difficult to mine and recycle safely.

2.4 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAl02 or NCA)

NCA is extremely similar to NMC. It has gained particular popularity as the chemistry used by Tesla in their vehicles and home batteries. NCA has the highest specific energy of any chemistry considered here, and has reasonable power output and lifespan, but is one of the more expensive and least safe chemistries on the market. It also, like NMC, contains Cobalt and Nickel, and is therefore toxic and hard to recycle.

2.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP)

LiFePO4 cells are primarily chosen for their high safety, power output and low cost. It also has a significantly higher lifespan that most other chemistries, meaning the battery will need replacing much less often leading to less waste produced. LiFePO4 is much less likely to reach thermal run-away than other chemistries commonly found on the market today Even in the cases where it does reach thermal run-away, the LiFePO4 cathode does not react with oxygen as other cobalt-containing molecules will, and the cell will therefore only smoke as the chemistry smolders, rather than producing flames or exploding. Beyond this, LiFePO4 does not contain Nickel, Cobalt or even Lead, all of which are difficult to recycle safely. This makes LiFePO4 one of the safest, eco-friendly and most sustainable chemistries on the market today.

3. Thermal Run-Away

Thermal run-away is the chain reaction that can occur if the lithium-ion material in a cathode of a battery cell is heated past a limit specific to the battery chemistry. Past this point the cathode can undergo an exothermal reaction, producing extremely hot flames, which in turn causes a chain reaction where the lithium molecules in nearby cells will also reach Thermal run-away until the entire battery (or bank of batteries) has burned out the lithium material [3]. This process can also produce gasses and increase the pressure inside the cell, which in some cases can lead to a pressurized explosion, or cause the cell to generate enough thrust to propel itself several feet. Thermal run-away can be caused by short-circuiting the terminals of a battery (most batteries have built-in protections to detect a short-circuit and cut power to avoid this), or by short-circuiting the cathode and anode inside the battery, which can occur if the cell is pierced. For some Lithium Chemistries (though not LiFePO4) the cathode will have an exothermic reaction with oxygen if the cell is pierced, leading to thermal run-away. While thermal run-away is extremely rare and manufacturers generally take steps to minimize the risk, it can happen and is (for most Lithium chemistries) extremely dangerous if it does.

The PO4 bond in LiFePO4 is stronger than the CoO2 bond in other cathode materials, resulting in a reduced reaction if an LiFePO4 battery is subjected to abuse. Figure 1 shows the energy spikes produced by five different lithium chemistries during thermal run-away. The spikes in the plot show both the heated temperature at which thermal run-away occurs, as well as the magnitude of the energy released as heat during the reaction. It is important to note that LiFePO4 is stable below 270◦C (518◦F) and that the peak is significantly smaller, compared to the much lower thermal run-away temperatures of other chemistries. This indicates that thermal run-away in LiFePO4 is much less likely to occur, and that the heat that can be generated in the reaction is significantly less than other chemistries as well.

Figure. 1: Thermal run-away Temperatures for Different Cathode Materials [2]

To illustrate the reaction more plainly, figure 2 demonstrates the results of an experiment in which thermal run-away was induced in the cathode material of several chemistries (cell casing and other common components were not included). The normalized heating rate, or the rate at which temperature increased per Ah of material was recorded. In this plot, LCO and NCA temperatures rise by 470◦C/min (878◦F/min), NMC temperature rises by more than 220◦C/min (428◦F/min), and LiFePO4 temperature only rises by 15◦C/min (59◦F) during this thermal run-away test.

LiFePO4 does not have an exothermic reaction with oxygen as other cathode materials do, and will therefore not cause an explosion or fire if exposed. A pressure release safety mechanism is also built into each cell that will release pressure from the cell in the event of an increase in pressure, which removes the risk of an explosion. LiFePO4 also does not contain cobalt, which is a chemically-unstable element. Batteries that do use Cobalt, including NMC, NCA and LiCoO2 actually heat up during normal use, increasing the risk of thermal run-away. While there is no effective flame retardant for a cobalt fire, if LiFePO4 is ignited it can be extinguished with water. A regular building sprinkler system will be enough [5]. The lack of cobalt also results in a cell with a Negative Temperature coefficient, which results in a self limiting response in the event of a short circuit or other extreme abuse situation.

Figure 2: Normalized Heating Rate for Several Thermal run-away reactions from Different Cathode Materials [6]

4. Future of LiFePO4

LiFePO4 is a relatively new Lithium material, and so advances continue to be made regularly. Jun Liu, a leading researcher in the field of lithium energy storage, has been working to push the safety of LiFePO4 even further. The development of a phosphate electrolyte that is completely non-flammable (See Figure 3. The result of this would make Thermal run-away essentially a non issue for this chemistry [4]. Beyond this, research is continually underway to improve the energy density, lifespan and other important attributes of LiFePO4.

5. American Benefits for Lesser Regulation for LFP

As electric vehicles become more common, the need for safe and reliable energy storage within the home increases with it. EVs and other home and commercial electronics consume a large amount of energy, which increases strain on the U.S. energy grid. The U.S. grid has to be able to generate enough electricity to cover the peak demand, or the demand during periods when the most individuals demand the most electricity. Increasing the grid energy generation is extremely expensive and increases supply at a rate slower than the rising demand. Part of the solution to this problem is to flatten the peaks and valleys of energy use through safe energy storage within the home.

Figure 3: Development of non-flammable electrolytes will lead to ultimately
safe LFP batteries for energy storage [4]

These systems allow homeowners to regulate their energy use, consuming at an even rate during low-usage periods to store energy, which they will then use when their energy use spikes. This process creates a ‘Decentralized Grid,’ where energy storage is not the sole responsibility of the government, but instead is shared among individual households, who can store and use energy as they need it, even if access to the grid is interrupted by power outages. The decentralized grid has the potential to increase the efficiency of the grid, unlocking 200% more energy in the grid [1].

6. Conclusion

The primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significant safety advantages LiFePO4 has to other lithium chemistries. The lack of toxic chemicals, unique behavior under thermal run-away and other catastrophic failure criteria and recyclability of LiFePO4 make it distinct from other lithium chemistries. Furthermore, any work on the part of the U.S. government to increase access to LiFePO4 energy storage systems increases the efficiency of the grid, which cuts costs to the U.S. government while improving the ability of each household to power their devices as they need it, even in cases of emergency. The value of regarding LiFePO4 in regulation according to its own attributes, rather than by the behavior of other more volatile chemistries, is significant.


References

[1]   Paul Charles. Interview with Paul Charles, CEO of American Battery Factory Inc.
        Tyler Stapleton, 2021.

[2]   Green Cubes. LFP vs NMC Batteries ,2020.
        https://greencubestech.com/markets/computer-workstations-on- wheels/power-subsystems/lfp-vs-nmc-batteries/

[3]   Andrey Golubkov et. al. Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer li-ion batteries
        with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes. RSC Adv., 4:3633–3642, 2014.

[4]   Lifen Xiao et. al. Stable li metal anode with “ion–solvent-coordinated” nonflammable
        electrolyte for safe li metal batteries. ACS Energy Letters., 2, 2019.

[5]   Robert Lindsay. Lithium iron phosphate - the ideal chemistry for ups batteries? 2018.

[6]   PowerTech. Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries, 2021.
        https://www.powertechsystems.eu/home/tech-corner/safety-of-lithium- ion-batteries/

[7]   Robert Rapier. Environmental implications of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. 2020.

[8]   Battery University. BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion,2019.
        https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion

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THE LION SAFARI LT

The Lion Safari LT is a 500W / 450Wh portable solar powered generator that provides safe, silent and renewable power for every day use so whether your cooking, camping, communicating, having back yard parties, entertaining, working or in an emergency, you"ll have the power you need.

      SAFARI LT WHAT IT CAN POWER

      Actual run times may vary

      Lion Safari LT 500W \ 450Wh Solar Portable Power Stations

      SAFARI LT OUTPUTS

      Multiple outputs allow you to charge virtually any device.


      Lion Safari LT 500W \ 450Wh Solar Portable Power Stations

      Tech Specs

      Tech Specs

      Safari LT

      Weight (pounds)

      11

      Dimensions - Inches (L x W x H)

      11.8 X 6.5 X 7.3

      Output - AC

      2X 110V

      Output - USB

      2X USB-A 5V @ 2.4A

      1X USB-A QC 3.0

      1X USB-C PD 60W 

      Output - 12V 

      1X 12V @ 10A

      Output - DC 12V 

      4X 12V @ 5A barrel plugs (5.5mm x 2.1mm each)

      Warranty 

      1 year

      Certification

      RoHS, FCC, CE



      Battery

      Safari LT

      Battery Chemistry

      Lithium NMC

      Battery Capacity - Watt Hours (Wh)

      450Wh

      Battery Output - Watts (W)

      500W

      Life Cycles

      1,000+

      Charge Retention

      Up to 1 Year


      Charge Rate

      Safari LT

      Wall AC with provided Outlet/With Optional Fast Charger

      7 - 9 Hours/3.5 Hours

      Solar / DC Min. Charge Time (With 100W Solar Panel)

      5 - 7 Hours

       


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        The Safari LT uses our Fast Charge technology so you can charge from solar in as little as 3.5 hrs. This gives you more power with less weight - 450Wh, 11 pounds. It can even power medical devices with its 500W pure sine wave inverter.

        SAFARI LT BENEFITS

        Fast Charge & Lightweight

        Can fully charge from the wall in as little as 3.5 hours. At 11 lbs, it's light weight and easy to carry.

        Safety

        Made from Lithium NMC which is one of the safest tech on the market. You can use it indoors or outdoors. It produces no emissions.

        Extended Use

        Has 1,000+ lifecycles, which means you can use it over and over again. And it can hold a charge for up to 1 year.

        Renewable Solar Generator

        Renewable Solar Generator

        Use the power of the sun to fully recharge the LT in just a few hours if using multiple solar panels.

        Multiple Outlets

        It has 2 AC outlets, USB-A, USB C, 4 barrels (12V), and a 12V Car auxiliary outlet. So the type of devices you can power is endless.  

        Built for Rugged Use

        Heavy duty rubber mounted corners makes it ideal to take with you anywhere you go.

        Pure Sine Wave

        A 500W Pure Sine Wave inverter can be used to power medical devices like CPAP machines.  

        Silent

        Produces virtually no noise, so you can sleep through the night at camp or have undisturbed work or play.  

        Environmentally Friendly

        Produces zero emissions or carbon footprint during use. It's good for you and the planet.

        Hello Lightness, My Old Friend

        Unlike gas generators, the Lion Safari LT has silent power enabling you to sleep through the night at camp or allowing for an undisturbed work or play environment. No need for long extension cords to keep you from hearing a noisy, fuel-powered, smelly generator. Whether you're doing extreme sports or just strolling through the park, the Lion Safari LT provides you power. Power for your USB devices like your phone or tablet or AC power for things like your laptop or CPAP machine that still has a cord – we've got you covered.

        Take it with you camping, on an adventure, tailgating or at a BBQ and use it for all your portable power needs.

        A Basecamp Beast. A Work Place Must

        At just 11 pounds the Safari LT is light enough to power base camp no matter were you set up. With it's unbelievable battery capacity you can weather out storms and keep your electronics going for days on end. From dawn to dusk, the Safari LT is the perfect power solution for any work environment. It works as hard as you do. (Almost). Charge your tools, run laptops, lights, and other devices.

        Take it with you camping, on an adventure, tailgating or at a BBQ and use it for all your portable power needs.

        HOW THE SAFARI LT STACKS UP TO OTHERS

        • Compared to the other similar power stations in its class, the Safari LT is a much smaller, lighter, and has a rugged design.  
        • The Safari LT give you more outputs so you have more choices on powering your devices.
        • Our Fast Charge technology makes it so you are able to charge the LT faster and get on to your adventures sooner. 
        • When comparing power capacity on a price per unit, the Safari LT gives you the most bang for its buck.

        Want to recharge the LT off grid? SAFARI LT ULTIMATE KIT

        Being away from your house doesn't mean you have to leave your power behind. Take power with you with the Lion Ultimate LT Kit. It provides safe, silent, renewable, portable power using the energy of the sun.

        • 1 x Lion Safari LT2 x 100 Watt Folding Solar Panel1 x 25' Anderson Cable1 x Fast Charger for the Safari LT

        Lion Energy Safari LT Frequently Asked Questions

        Lion Energy Safari LT Frequently Asked Questions

        What is the Safari LT?

        The Safari LT is the latest in Lithium technology for portable power needs. It replaces traditional noisy gas generators with the safest Lithium batteries on the market today. It is lightweight and powerful solar power unit.

        What does the Safari LT power?

        You can use it to power a wide variety of devices like cell phones, laptops, tablets, mini-fridges, TV's lights, power tools, and the list goes on. Any device that requires less than 500 watts, the Safari LT can power it.

        How can you figure out how long the Safari LT will power specific devices?

        To calculate how long the Safari LT can power a device, use this formula: Wh / W = Estimated Run Time. The Safari LT has a continuous 450Wh of power output. For example, if your device draws 25 watts then the LT would power the device for 18 hours (450Wh/25W=18hours).

        How long can the Safari LT hold a charge?

        It will maintain its charge for up to a year without having to charge it. This is known as shelf life or storage life. However, we recommend using it more frequently – in the house, outside, on adventures and ready for emergencies. It has over 1,000 cycle capacity so you can use it again and again and again.

        Can it store solar power?

        The Safari LT is a great energy storage unit for solar power and can be charged by using solar panels. It can store 450Wh (Watt hours).

        What is in the box?

        The Safari LT, User Manual, Wall charger adapter (5V@3.4A). If you also purchase the Safari LT directly from Lion Energy Online it comes with our fast charger.

        Why should I buy Safari LT?

        The Safari LT is made from the highest quality and longest lasting battery technology - Lithium. The Safari LT is safe, silent and renewable, unlike other gas-powered generators. It gives you power anywhere, anytime.

        How do I get the AC output on the Safari LT to turn on?

        The AC power on the Safari LT is not automatically turned on when you plug something into it. First turn on the main Safari LT unit then press and hold the yellow AC power button on the side located by the 2 AC plugs for 2-3 seconds. The red indicator light on the AC button will be illuminated.

        How do I charge my USB, 12V Devices?

        Once you turn on the main Safari LT unit, turn on the USB, 12V, or the 4 DC 12V barrel output by pressing the yellow Power Indicator button in the output area on the front of the Safari LT device for 2-3 seconds.

        Is it good in bad weather?

        The Safari LT perform great in most weather conditions. It is water resistant but not waterproof.

        How big is the Safari LT?

        It weighs in at only 11 pounds and is 12" L X 6.5" W X 7.3"

        What's the rated capacity?

        It is a 12V, 450Wh (watt hours or how much energy it can store), 500W (watts or how much power it can output at a time).

        How do I recharge it?

        The Safari LT is part of Lion Energy's pride of products that creates clean, limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life. It's designed for recharge through traditional AC power or renewable source - the sun.

        It is loud?

        Unlike other power units, the Safari LT has silent power enabling you to sleep through the night at camp or allowing for an undisturbed work environment. The Safari LT uses a lithium battery and powerful inverter. Occasionally a small internal fan may to turn to cool the unit.  

        How long will it last?

        The Safari LT can last for years if you take care of it and it comes with a 1 year warranty.

        Can you power multiple devices at the same time?

        You can use all the outputs at the same time. So, that is two devices charging off the USB Ports, another device charging off the cigarette light, another device running off the AC 110V plug (this could be a 60 inch T.V.) and another device charing on the USB C.

        Do I have to maintain the Safari LT?

        The Safari LT is virtually maintenance free. It can be used on a daily basis

        What is a USB-C?

        This is the charging port that all the new phones are using. All Android phones will be switching to this type of plug. They will do this because it is able to handle more power. Lion Energy added this port so that the Safari LT is on the leading edge of technology.

        Lion Energy Policy

        Lion Energy Return, Cancellation & Refund Policy

        Lion Energy 5-Year Warranty

        This Warranty Disclaimer ("Disclaimer") sets forth the terms and conditions governing the warranty coverage provided by Lion Energy ("we," "our," or "us") for designated products sold or distributed by us.

        • Warranty Coverage:
          We provide a limited warranty that covers factory defects in materials and workmanship ("Defects") for a period of 5 years from the date of purchase ("Warranty Period"). This warranty is applicable only to the original purchaser of the product ("Buyer").
        • Exclusions:
          This warranty does not cover normal wear and tear resulting from regular use of the product. Normal wear and tear include, but are not limited to, scratches, dents, fading, discoloration, or any other deterioration that occurs through customary use of the product. Additionally, this warranty does not cover damages caused by improper handling, misuse, neglect, accidents, modifications, or any unauthorized repairs or alterations made to the product.
        • Warranty Claims and Remedies:
          If the product exhibits a Defect during the Warranty Period, the Buyer must promptly notify us and provide proof of purchase. We, at our discretion, will either repair or replace the defective product, subject to the terms and conditions of this Disclaimer. Any repaired or replaced product shall be covered by this warranty for the remaining Warranty Period or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.
        • Limitations of Liability:
          TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WE DISCLAIM ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. WE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE PRODUCT, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS, LOST REVENUE, LOSS OF USE, OR COSTS OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
        • Governing Law:
          This Disclaimer shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Utah, USA. Any disputes arising under or in connection with this Disclaimer shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in Utah, USA.

        By purchasing or using our product, the Buyer acknowledges and agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Warranty Disclaimer.