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Safety Advantages

White Paper by Tyler Stapleton and Thomas Tolman – July 2021


Abstract

In an effort to ensure the safe use of lithium technology in energy storage, the U.S. government regulates the transport, storage, installation and proper use of lithium energy cells throughout the country. However, in doing this, the government currently regulates all Lithium-ion cells under one definition. In the energy storage industry, there is a broad range of cathode materials and chemistries that all fall under the title ”Lithium-ion.” Each of these various chemistries have significantly different attributes compared to one another in terms of their safety and recyclability. Notably, energy cells using Lithium Iron Phosphate are drastically safer and more recyclable than any other lithium chemistry on the market today. Regulating Lithium Iron Phosphate cells together with other lithium-based chemistries is counterproductive to the goal of the U.S. government in creating safe energy storage practices in the US. Companies using this safer and more environmentally-friendly chemistry are laden with regulations and expenses that make it more difficult to pro- mote Lithium Iron Phosphate in the U.S., while companies using other more dangerous chemistries have no incentive to switch to Lithium Iron Phosphate, thus creating potentially dangerous circumstances for U.S. citizens, increasing waste and enlarging the burden on the government for regulation. This white paper provides evidence for Lithium Iron Phosphate over other lithium-based energy storage chemistries as a significantly safer lithium cell, describes future advances expected in the industry and enumerates the substantial benefits to the U.S. in regulating Lithium Iron Phosphate separately from other chemistries.

1. Introduction

There are many Lithium-ion chemistries in use today as battery cathodes. While many chemistries offer significant benefits pertaining to the cost or weight of the battery, they often require government regulation to be shipped, stored or used in a way that ensures that damages from the worst-case scenarios, including thermal run-away, fire or explosion are kept to a minimum. Precautions including specially constructed and marked boxes, as well as shipping procedures requiring extra care being taken, ensure the safe transport of these products, while code requirements including fire-suppression systems, fireproof storage cabinets and emergency shutoff systems protect against a fire spreading to or from an energy storage system in use in a building. For many lithium materials, this is a necessary precaution. However, in the case of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) cells, many of these precautions could be lessened, as the LiFePO4 chemistry has more innate protections against these extreme cases. When compared against other lithium chemistries, these protections reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic failure, and result in a significantly reduced reaction should such a failure occur, making it much safer even in the worst-case scenario. Lithium energy storage is increasing in demand. As Electric Vehicles (EV) become ubiquitous throughout the country, the need for additional energy at each home and commercial buildings will increase substantially. A comparison of LiFePO4 against other cathode materials as well as a description of the reaction of LiFePO4 to extreme cases will be provided here.

2. Lithium Chemistry Comparison

This section gives a brief overview of common Lithium cathode chemistries common in the market today. A comparison of these chemistries and their relative advantages and disadvantages can be seen in table 1.

2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries

While not actually a Lithium-ion battery, the safety of a lead-acid battery should be taken into account here. Lead-Acid is the most common large battery on the market today, generally recognized as a common car battery. Lead-Acid batteries can power most vehicles and even be used as in energy storage systems. However, Lead-Acid has a relatively short lifespan and significantly less use- able specific energy when compared against lithium batteries. The use of Lead in Lead-Acid batteries makes the content of the battery toxic, and lead-acid batteries can vent during use, which limits their viability as an energy storage device.

2.2 Lithium Cobalt Oxide or Lithium Polymer (LiCo02)

Lithium Cobalt Oxide, sometimes called Lithium Polymer batteries, are traditionally the most common option for phone or computer batteries. Their high specific energy (energy-to-weight ratio) makes them a great candidate for small batteries or other applications where weight is a major factor [8]. However, LiCoO2 also has a short lifespan and includes Cobalt, a toxic heavy metal. One of the major components in the cathode of the battery, Cobalt is particularly difficult to recycle, and can produce toxic fumes during both mining and recycling. [7] LiCoO2 is also the chemistry that has been reported to explode in smartphones. It can explode and burn violently under the right conditions.

 

 

LFP LCO NMC NCA

CHEMISTRY

LFP

LCO

NMC

NCA

Full Name

Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium Cobalt Oxide Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide

Voltages

3.2V, 3.3V nominal 3.6V nominal 3.6V, 3.7V nominal 3.6V nominal

Specific Energy (Capacity/kg)

90-120 Wh/kg 150-200 Wh/kg 150-220 Wh/kg 200-260 Wh/kg

Charge Rate (C-rate)

1C .37-1C 0.7-1C 0.7C

Discharge Rate (C-rate)

1C, 25C possible 1C 1C, 2C possible 1C

Cycle Life

2,000+ 500-1,000 1,000-2,000 500

Thermal Run-away

270ºC (518ºF) 150ºC (302ºF) 210ºC (410ºF) 150ºC (302ºF)

Applications

Portable and stationary energy storage units, Lead-acid replacement Mobile phones, tablets, laptops E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial, laptops Medical devices, industrial, electrical, powertrain (Tesla)
Comments Low capacity. One of the safest chemistries. Very high specific energy, limited specific power. High capacity and high power. Favorite chemistry in lightweight applications Similar to LCO, serves as energy cell . Currently used by Tesla.
Elevated self-discharge means better storage. Cobalt is expensive. Serves as Energy Cell.No longer relevant

Table. 1: Comparison of common Lithium-Ion Cathode Chemistries [8]

2.3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCo02 or NMC)

NMC is a popular choice today, especially in the electric vehicle (EV) market. Like LiCoO2, it has a high energy density, but NMC can also output more power, is generally safer, and has a longer lifespan than LiCoO2 [8]. These aspects make NMC a popular all-around choice, and is often used in energy storage as well as EV and mobile devices. However, NMC is still capable of exploding and catching fire, though less dramatically than most other chemistries (see section below). NMC also contains both Nickel and Cobalt. Nickel, like Cobalt, is a heavy metal that is toxic, as well as difficult to mine and recycle safely.

2.4 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAl02 or NCA)

NCA is extremely similar to NMC. It has gained particular popularity as the chemistry used by Tesla in their vehicles and home batteries. NCA has the highest specific energy of any chemistry considered here, and has reasonable power output and lifespan, but is one of the more expensive and least safe chemistries on the market. It also, like NMC, contains Cobalt and Nickel, and is therefore toxic and hard to recycle.

2.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP)

LiFePO4 cells are primarily chosen for their high safety, power output and low cost. It also has a significantly higher lifespan that most other chemistries, meaning the battery will need replacing much less often leading to less waste produced. LiFePO4 is much less likely to reach thermal run-away than other chemistries commonly found on the market today Even in the cases where it does reach thermal run-away, the LiFePO4 cathode does not react with oxygen as other cobalt-containing molecules will, and the cell will therefore only smoke as the chemistry smolders, rather than producing flames or exploding. Beyond this, LiFePO4 does not contain Nickel, Cobalt or even Lead, all of which are difficult to recycle safely. This makes LiFePO4 one of the safest, eco-friendly and most sustainable chemistries on the market today.

3. Thermal Run-Away

Thermal run-away is the chain reaction that can occur if the lithium-ion material in a cathode of a battery cell is heated past a limit specific to the battery chemistry. Past this point the cathode can undergo an exothermal reaction, producing extremely hot flames, which in turn causes a chain reaction where the lithium molecules in nearby cells will also reach Thermal run-away until the entire battery (or bank of batteries) has burned out the lithium material [3]. This process can also produce gasses and increase the pressure inside the cell, which in some cases can lead to a pressurized explosion, or cause the cell to generate enough thrust to propel itself several feet. Thermal run-away can be caused by short-circuiting the terminals of a battery (most batteries have built-in protections to detect a short-circuit and cut power to avoid this), or by short-circuiting the cathode and anode inside the battery, which can occur if the cell is pierced. For some Lithium Chemistries (though not LiFePO4) the cathode will have an exothermic reaction with oxygen if the cell is pierced, leading to thermal run-away. While thermal run-away is extremely rare and manufacturers generally take steps to minimize the risk, it can happen and is (for most Lithium chemistries) extremely dangerous if it does.

The PO4 bond in LiFePO4 is stronger than the CoO2 bond in other cathode materials, resulting in a reduced reaction if an LiFePO4 battery is subjected to abuse. Figure 1 shows the energy spikes produced by five different lithium chemistries during thermal run-away. The spikes in the plot show both the heated temperature at which thermal run-away occurs, as well as the magnitude of the energy released as heat during the reaction. It is important to note that LiFePO4 is stable below 270◦C (518◦F) and that the peak is significantly smaller, compared to the much lower thermal run-away temperatures of other chemistries. This indicates that thermal run-away in LiFePO4 is much less likely to occur, and that the heat that can be generated in the reaction is significantly less than other chemistries as well.

Figure. 1: Thermal run-away Temperatures for Different Cathode Materials [2]

To illustrate the reaction more plainly, figure 2 demonstrates the results of an experiment in which thermal run-away was induced in the cathode material of several chemistries (cell casing and other common components were not included). The normalized heating rate, or the rate at which temperature increased per Ah of material was recorded. In this plot, LCO and NCA temperatures rise by 470◦C/min (878◦F/min), NMC temperature rises by more than 220◦C/min (428◦F/min), and LiFePO4 temperature only rises by 15◦C/min (59◦F) during this thermal run-away test.

LiFePO4 does not have an exothermic reaction with oxygen as other cathode materials do, and will therefore not cause an explosion or fire if exposed. A pressure release safety mechanism is also built into each cell that will release pressure from the cell in the event of an increase in pressure, which removes the risk of an explosion. LiFePO4 also does not contain cobalt, which is a chemically-unstable element. Batteries that do use Cobalt, including NMC, NCA and LiCoO2 actually heat up during normal use, increasing the risk of thermal run-away. While there is no effective flame retardant for a cobalt fire, if LiFePO4 is ignited it can be extinguished with water. A regular building sprinkler system will be enough [5]. The lack of cobalt also results in a cell with a Negative Temperature coefficient, which results in a self limiting response in the event of a short circuit or other extreme abuse situation.

Figure 2: Normalized Heating Rate for Several Thermal run-away reactions from Different Cathode Materials [6]

4. Future of LiFePO4

LiFePO4 is a relatively new Lithium material, and so advances continue to be made regularly. Jun Liu, a leading researcher in the field of lithium energy storage, has been working to push the safety of LiFePO4 even further. The development of a phosphate electrolyte that is completely non-flammable (See Figure 3. The result of this would make Thermal run-away essentially a non issue for this chemistry [4]. Beyond this, research is continually underway to improve the energy density, lifespan and other important attributes of LiFePO4.

5. American Benefits for Lesser Regulation for LFP

As electric vehicles become more common, the need for safe and reliable energy storage within the home increases with it. EVs and other home and commercial electronics consume a large amount of energy, which increases strain on the U.S. energy grid. The U.S. grid has to be able to generate enough electricity to cover the peak demand, or the demand during periods when the most individuals demand the most electricity. Increasing the grid energy generation is extremely expensive and increases supply at a rate slower than the rising demand. Part of the solution to this problem is to flatten the peaks and valleys of energy use through safe energy storage within the home.

Figure 3: Development of non-flammable electrolytes will lead to ultimately
safe LFP batteries for energy storage [4]

These systems allow homeowners to regulate their energy use, consuming at an even rate during low-usage periods to store energy, which they will then use when their energy use spikes. This process creates a ‘Decentralized Grid,’ where energy storage is not the sole responsibility of the government, but instead is shared among individual households, who can store and use energy as they need it, even if access to the grid is interrupted by power outages. The decentralized grid has the potential to increase the efficiency of the grid, unlocking 200% more energy in the grid [1].

6. Conclusion

The primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significant safety advantages LiFePO4 has to other lithium chemistries. The lack of toxic chemicals, unique behavior under thermal run-away and other catastrophic failure criteria and recyclability of LiFePO4 make it distinct from other lithium chemistries. Furthermore, any work on the part of the U.S. government to increase access to LiFePO4 energy storage systems increases the efficiency of the grid, which cuts costs to the U.S. government while improving the ability of each household to power their devices as they need it, even in cases of emergency. The value of regarding LiFePO4 in regulation according to its own attributes, rather than by the behavior of other more volatile chemistries, is significant.


References

[1]   Paul Charles. Interview with Paul Charles, CEO of American Battery Factory Inc.
        Tyler Stapleton, 2021.

[2]   Green Cubes. LFP vs NMC Batteries ,2020.
        https://greencubestech.com/markets/computer-workstations-on- wheels/power-subsystems/lfp-vs-nmc-batteries/

[3]   Andrey Golubkov et. al. Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer li-ion batteries
        with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes. RSC Adv., 4:3633–3642, 2014.

[4]   Lifen Xiao et. al. Stable li metal anode with “ion–solvent-coordinated” nonflammable
        electrolyte for safe li metal batteries. ACS Energy Letters., 2, 2019.

[5]   Robert Lindsay. Lithium iron phosphate - the ideal chemistry for ups batteries? 2018.

[6]   PowerTech. Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries, 2021.
        https://www.powertechsystems.eu/home/tech-corner/safety-of-lithium- ion-batteries/

[7]   Robert Rapier. Environmental implications of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. 2020.

[8]   Battery University. BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion,2019.
        https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion

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Lion Energy|100W 24V Foldable Solar Panel

This powerful, portable 100W 24V solar panel can harness the power of the sun to charge the Safari ME™ portable power unit in as little as 90 minutes when multiple panels are combined together.

  • Safe – Produces zero emissions, no carbon footprint during use
  • Durable – Anti-corrosive, double walled aluminum construction
  • 100 Watts – Each panel is a high-efficient 100W, 24V
  • Expandable – Link up to 6 panels together
  • Portable – Easy carrying handles and neoprene carrying case

Warning! Only connect solar panels of the SAME voltage and model number.

THIS PANEL IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH 12V SYSTEMS.


Tech Specs

Tech Specs

LION 100W 24V SOLAR PANEL

Weight (pounds)

~22

Dimensions - Inches (L x W x H)

26.5 x 20 x 1 (Folded), 26.5 x 40 x 1 (Unfolded)

Rated Power

100W / 24V @ 2.78A

Panel Type

Monocrystalline

Life Cycles

20 years

Max Volt Output

24V

Warranty

1 year


Videos
How To Connect Lion Energy Solar Panels
 
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Powering Your Shed with Lion 100W 12V Solar Panel
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    Harness The Sun

    Lion 100 24V solar panels are designed to recharge power units, like the Safari ME, by harnessing the power of the sun to power your devices – anywhere. They come with adjustable legs so you can set them up on the ground and point them to the sun or mount them on top of your roof, shed, RV, or camper van.

    Built to Last, Day after Day

    Weighing in at 22 lbs, the Lion 100W 24V solar panel makes for an easy choice to extent your camping trip a few more days because you now have the power you need and you can take it with you. These panels are perfect to power the Safari ME in a wide range of settings – tailgating, construction site, camping, or wherever you are. You can bundle and save more when you purchase one of our kits.

    HIGH EFFICIENCY & BIG POWER

    Made with monocrystalline solar cells, adjustable leg stands, and ultra high efficiency, we make sure you are getting the most out of the power of the sun. Combined with Lion Energy power stations, you can store and use the solar energy with the fastest speed, and charge the most gear through the AC, DC and USB charging ports.

    EASY TO USE AND EXPANDABLE

    Trouble free connections and supplied cables make it so simple to just unfold your solar panels and plug them into your Lion Energy power station or some can be directly connected to your device USB port. Need to charge faster? Link up to 6 panels together to push 600W all at once and charge our most powerful portable station, the Safari ME, in as little as 90 minutes.

    RUGGED & PORTABLE

    Anti-corrosive, double walled aluminum construction with tempered glass makes it so these solar panels are ready to go wherever you go. No matter where your adventures may lead you, Lion Energy portable solar panels with their easy to carry handle and protective cases are ready to go with you.

    NEED TO STORE YOUR ENERGY AND TAKE IT WITH YOU? NO PROBLEM.

    Our portable power stations let you store the power during the day using the solar panels and run your devices during the day or night. Over and over again.

    Lion Energy Solar Generators

    The Lion 100W 24V watt solar panel is part of our pride of products that helps create clean, limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life. It's designed to recharge other power units, like the Safari ME, using a clean and renewable source – the sun.

    Lion 100W Solar Panels BENEFITS

    Easy to Transport

    Durable handle for portability and effortless transportation.

    Built-in Connections

    Built-in easy to connect 6 foot solar cables and foldable legs so you can tilt it directly into the sun.

    Durable

    Anti-corrosive, double walled structural construction that last up to 20 years. The photovoltaic cells cased is airtight tempered glass.

    Easy Use

    Point towards the sun and plug into your power unit.

    Power Pack

    100W 24V

    Provides up to 24V at 100W output for charging. You can charge the Safari ME power unit in as little as 90 minutes using 6 of these panels.

    100W 12V

    Provides up to 12V at 100W output for charging. With the high efficiency, the average output of 71W.

    Expandable

    100W 24V

    Can easily link up to 6 panels in parallel together for faster charging.

    100W 24V

    Can link up to 4 panels together for faster charging. This makes it for faster recharging.

    Silent

    It is silent, allowing for an undisturbed work and play environment while charging Lion power units.

    Renewable

    Creates clean, virtually limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life.

    Environmentally Friendly

    Produces zero emissions or carbon footprint during use. It's good for you and the planet.  

    Lion Energy Solar Panels Frequently Asked Questions

    Lion Energy Solar Panels Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the Lion 100W 24V solar panel?

    The Lion 100W 24V solar panel is part of our pride of products that creates clean, limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life. It's designed to recharge other power units, like the Safari ME, through a clean and renewable source – the sun.

    What is the Lion 100W 12V solar panel?

    The Lion 100 watt solar panel is part of our pride of products that creates clean, limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life. It's designed to recharge other power units, like the Safari LT, through a clean and renewable source – the sun.

    What is the Lion 50W foldable solar panel?

    The Lion 50W foldable solar panel is part of our pride of products that creates clean, limitless, renewable energy sources to power your life. It's designed to recharge all of our power banks, the Safari LT, and anything else that uses a USB-A or USB-C charging port.

    What can it power?

    Lion 100W Solar Panel

    It has a maximum output of 100W and when you consider clouds and a moving sun it has an average output of about 71W throughout the day. Make sure to use 24V with 24V systems.

    Lion 50W Solar Panel

    It has a maximum output of 50W and when you consider clouds and a moving sun it has an average output of about 45W throughout the day.

    Can it be used outside in camping?

    It was build specially to be used outside in rough conditions. It has anti-corrosive structural aluminum housing with photovoltaic monocrystalline cells cased in air-tight tempered glass. It's made to handle what nature throws at it.

    What is the warranty on it?

    It has a 1 year warranty.

    How long should the panel last?

    It has a 20-year life expectancy.

    What type of cell are used?

    The Lion solar panels uses monocrystalline cells.

    Lion Energy Policy

    Lion Energy Return, Cancellation & Refund Policy

    Returns 

    Our return policy lasts 30 days from your purchase date. If 30 days have passed since your purchase, unfortunately, we can’t offer you a refund. 

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    Once your return is received and inspected (and approved) your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment, within a reasonable number of days minus 5% processing fee.

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    We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange your item, send us an email at info@ecopowerit.com and include a receipt or proof of purchase, a serial number, and any pictures of damage (if applicable).

    Once your original unit is delivered back to Lion Energy and received into our computer system, the replacement unit will be cleared to be sent out from our warehouse. The time it may take for an exchanged product to reach you will vary depending on where you live. 

    Shipping 

    To return your product, you should contact us at info@ecopowerit.com and request a Return Materials Authorization (RMA) through our Customer Service department. 

    You will be responsible for paying your own shipping costs for returning your item, unless otherwise specified by a Lion Energy Customer Service representative. Shipping costs are non-refundable.  

    If you are shipping an item over $75.00 in value, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or buying shipping insurance. We can’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item. 

    (Updated July 27, 2022)

    Cancellation 

    All orders cancelled after 48 hours and before shipping are subject to 5% processing fees. Orders purchased after 30 days will not be canceled.

    Lion Energy 5-Year Warranty

    This Warranty Disclaimer ("Disclaimer") sets forth the terms and conditions governing the warranty coverage provided by Lion Energy ("we," "our," or "us") for designated products sold or distributed by us.

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      This warranty does not cover normal wear and tear resulting from regular use of the product. Normal wear and tear include, but are not limited to, scratches, dents, fading, discoloration, or any other deterioration that occurs through customary use of the product. Additionally, this warranty does not cover damages caused by improper handling, misuse, neglect, accidents, modifications, or any unauthorized repairs or alterations made to the product.
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      If the product exhibits a Defect during the Warranty Period, the Buyer must promptly notify us and provide proof of purchase. We, at our discretion, will either repair or replace the defective product, subject to the terms and conditions of this Disclaimer. Any repaired or replaced product shall be covered by this warranty for the remaining Warranty Period or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.
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      This Disclaimer shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Utah, USA. Any disputes arising under or in connection with this Disclaimer shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in Utah, USA.

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